While antiderivative, primitive, and indefinite integral are synonymous in the United States, other languages seem not to have any equivalent terms for antiderivative. As others have pointed out here How common is the use of the term "primitive" to mean "antiderivative"?, some languages such as Dutch only use the term, primitive.
The important fact is that the only numbers $n$ that have primitive roots modulo $n$ are of the form $2^\varepsilon p^m$, where $\varepsilon$ is either $0$ or $1$, $p$ is an odd prime, and $m\ge0$
2 Primes have not just one primitive root, but many. So you find the first primitive root by taking any number, calculating its powers until the result is 1, and if p = 13 you must have 12 different powers until the result is 1 to have a primitive root.
9 What is a primitive polynomial? I was looking into some random number generation algorithms and 'primitive polynomial' came up a sufficient number of times that I decided to look into it in more detail. I'm unsure of what a primitive polynomial is, and why it is useful for these random number generators.
I have read that, but essentially what I want to know is, can a primitive root be defined in a simpler, easier to understand way? For my level of mathematics, some of the more formal definitions can be hard to understand sometimes
We fix the primitive roots of unity of order $7,11,13$, and denote them by $$ \tag {*} \zeta_7,\zeta_ {11},\zeta_ {13}\ . $$ Now we want to take each primitive root of prime order from above to some power, then multiply them. When the number of primes is small, or at least fixed, the notations are simpler.
For example, if $\zeta$ is a primitive sixth root of unity, then so is $\zeta^5=\zeta^ {-1}$. Of course $\zeta^3=-1$ is not a primitive sixth root of unity; it is a primitive second root of unity.
